Glioblastoma
Figure 1: Schema demonstrating immune activation and the role of immune suppression and checkpoints. Glioblastoma exerts profound immunosuppressive effects via multiple, redundant mechanisms, including the TGF-β/VEGF signalling pathway, IL-2Rα/CD25-mediated IL- 2 deprivation, CTLA-4/PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint interaction, STAT3 activation, as well as by IDO/Arg-1 enzymatic suppression. All of these mechanisms have been investigated as potential therapeutic targets for glioblastoma treatment in various clinical and preclinical trials.


Keywords: glioblastoma,  scheme