Skull-base metastases
Figure 1a-f: Magnetic resonance images of patients with skull-base metastases causing Greenberg’s 5 syndromes. (a) T1-weighted, gadolinium-enhanced MR axial image in a 60-year-old woman with skull-base metastasis from colon cancer presenting with visual disturbance and double vision (orbital syndrome). (b) T1-weighted, gadoliniumenhanced MR axial image in a 41-year-old man with skull-base metastasis from lung cancer presenting with diplopia (parasellar syndrome). (c) T1-weighted, gadoliniumenhanced MR axial image in a 72-year-old woman with skull-base metastasis from breast cancer presenting with trigeminal neuralgia (middle-fossa syndrome). (d) T1-weighted, gadolinium-enhanced MR axial image in a 49-year-old woman with skullbase metastasis from melanoma presenting with dysphagia (jugular foramen syndrome). (e, f) Pre- and post-contrast-enhanced axial MR images in a 70-year-old man with skull base metastasis from prostate cancer presenting with severe occipitalgia and dysarthria (occipital condyle syndrome).


Keywords: jugular foramen syndrome,  middle-fossa syndrome,  MRI,  occipital condyle syndrome,  orbital syndrome,  parasellar syndrome,  skull-base metastases

Calvarial metastasis
Figure 2a-b: T1-weighted, gadolinium-enhanced sagittal MR images of a 57-year-old woman with calvarial metastasis from thyroid cancer. (a) Pre- and (b) 3 months postirradiation 40 Gy per 20 fractions.


Keywords: calvarial metastasis,  MRI

Calvarial metastasis
Figure 3a-b: MR images of a 72-year-old man with calvarial metastasis from cholangiocarcinoma presenting with hemiparesis and partial seizures. (a) Coronal, T1-weighted, gadolinium-enhanced MR image demonstrating dural invasion and occlusion of the superior sagittal sinus (white arrow). (b) Axial FLAIR image demonstrating diffuse brain oedema in the left hemisphere.


Keywords: axial FLAIR image,  calvarial metastasis,  MRI

Calvarial metastasis
Figure 4a-b: (a) T1-weighted, gadolinium-enhanced MR axial images of a 58-year-old woman with calvarial metastasis from breast cancer presenting with headache. (b) The tumour became less enhanced 3 years after 40 Gy per 20 fractions radiation therapy.


Keywords: calvarial metastasis,  MRI

Calvarial metastasis
Figure 5a-d: A 70-year-old woman with calvarial metastasis from lung cancer presenting with cosmetic problem in the forehead. (a) Pre-enhanced axial and (b) post-enhanced sagittal MR images demonstrating a mass lesion with focal invasion into the skin and dura mater. (c) Skull X-rays showing an osteolytic lesion (white arrow), and (d) surgical results of resection with a wide margin and reconstruction in the frontal bone (arrow heads).


Keywords: calvarial metastasis,  MRI,  x-ray