1.
Gauster M;
Huppertz B
Fusion of Cytothrophoblast with Syncytiotrophoblast in the Human Placenta: Factors Involved in Syncytialization
Trophoblast fusion
Journal für Reproduktionsmedizin und Endokrinologie - Journal of Reproductive Medicine and Endocrinology 2008; 5 (2): 76-82
Illustration of factors involved in trophoblast fusion. Environmentally derived growthfactors, hormones and cytokines bind to their cognate receptors at the plasma membrane ofcytotrophoblasts. Activation of either protein kinase A (PKA) or MAP kinases ERK1/2 and p38leads to increased protein expression of the transcription factor GCMa, which in turn drivestranscription of fusogenic genes. Several structural and membrane proteins were suggested topromote trophoblast fusion, including syncytin 1 and its receptor ASCT2 (1), CD98 and its receptorgalectin 3 (2) as well as connexin 43 (3). Beside activation of PKA or MAP kinase pathways,cytokines induce conversion of pro-caspase 8 into active caspase 8. Once activated, caspase 8can mediate inactivation of “flippases†and/or activation of "floppases" to trigger phosphatidyl-serine externalisation (PS flip) (4). Additionally, caspase 8 triggers remodelling of the sub-mem-branous cytoskeleton by degrading structural proteins such as α-fodrin (5).
Keywords:
Throphoblast,
trophoblast fusion
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