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Summary
Bals-Pratsch M et al.  
Genetic Causes in Adrenal or Ovarian Hyperandrogenism in the Reproductive Years

Journal für Reproduktionsmedizin und Endokrinologie - Journal of Reproductive Medicine and Endocrinology 2009; 6 (1): 19-23

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Abb. 1: Hyperandrogenism Abb. 2: Adrenal steroidgenesis



Keywords: AndrogenisierungHumangenetikKandidatengenVirilisationandrogenisationCAHcandidate genesCYP21funtional genetic polymorphismsPCOSvirilization

Hyperandrogenism and androgenisation frequently occur within families so that a monogenic cause such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) must be considered. For the most part, classical CAH is first diagnosed and treated on the basis of common sex development disorders in early childhood by pediatric endocrinologists. In contrast, the non-classic "late-onset CAH" is mostly symptomatic by androgenisation from the age of puberty. For both forms, the final diagnosis relies on the evidence of a CYP21 gene mutation. Even though the incidence of CAH in newborns with a ratio of 1:5000 is rare, the frequency of heterozygotes in central Europe is relatively prevalent with 1:50. In patients with hyperandrogenism of adrenal origin who desire children, a CYP21 mutation should therefore be excluded. In case of a known mutation carrier, the CYP21 gene diagnostic also should be applied on the partner. If both partners are genetic carriers, a dexamethasone (DEX) therapy of the pregnant woman should be considered very early in each case immediately after determining a pregnancy to prevent serious virilization of the external genitalia of female CAH fetuses. A common differential diagnosis is androgenisation through ovarian hyperandrogenism. For many years, candidate genes for the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have been investigated. The search focuses on genes involved in the regulation of insulin, follicle maturation as well as androgen secretion and regulation. Especially promising is a gene polymorphism on chromosome 19p13.2 in association with insulin resistance and disordered β-cell functions. Examinations of polymorphisms in FSH receptor genes make one expect that the effective gonadotropin dose in ovarian stimulation can be individually determined before treatment. Thus, severe hyperstimulation syndromes in PCOS patients possibly can be avoided. One might anticipate that new results in molecular genetic PCOS research in the upcoming years will lead to significant improvements in treatment strategies.
 
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