| Petr O, Geiger P | ||||
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State of the art: Schädel-Hirn-Trauma // Traumatic Brain Injury – state of the art Journal für Neurologie, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie 2023; 24 (4): 113-120 Volltext (PDF) Summary Abbildungen Keywords: dekompressive Hemikraniektomie, GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale, Hirndrucküberwachung, Neurochirurgie, Schädel-Hirn-Trauma, SHT, Trauma, brain pressure monitoring, decompressive hemicraniectomy, neurosurgery, TBI, traumatic brain injury Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) refers to a range of injury patterns resulting from external force to the skull, potentially causing damage to the bony skull, soft and brain tissue. Such injuries often involve shear and rotational forces leading to brain tissue deformation and cerebrospinal fluid displacement. These forces can result in brain hemorrhage, shear injuries, and impact the bony skull and the underlying central nervous system (CNS) tissue. TBI can impact the facial skull, the skull encasing the brain, and skull base fractures and can be open or closed. Currently, TBI severity is classified into mild, moderate, and severe based on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) applied during initial assessment. Although some research teams incorporate additional parameters, the initial GCS remains the most crucial prognostic factor. Epidemiologically, the incidence of TBI in Europe is approximately 300 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, with mild TBI being predominant. Recent data from Germany indicates a shift in TBI demographics due to an aging population and falls from low heights surpassing high-velocity traumas as the primary cause. Notably, non-helmeted cyclists have become the largest group in traffic accidents with TBI. In terms of diagnostics, initial imaging via CT scan is the gold standard upon patient arrival at trauma centers. Depending on the injury type, various intracrania hemorrhages, such as epidural hematoma, acute subdural hematoma, traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, and intraparenchymal hemorrhages, can be observed. In conclusion, TBI is a complex injury with varying degrees of severity and outcomes. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial for improving patient prognosis.
Kurzfassung: Das Schädel-Hirn-Trauma (SHT) ist
charakterisiert durch Läsionen, die infolge externer
mechanischer Krafteinwirkung auf den Schädel entstehen
und sowohl knöcherne Strukturen als auch zerebrales Gewebe involvieren. Das SHT wird in leichte, moderate und schwere Formen unterteilt. Die Differenzierung basiert primär auf der Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), einem Instrument zur Evaluierung des Bewusstseinsgrades und neurologischer Defizite. |
