Vibrational Spectroscopy
Figure 1: FT-IR spectra of grey and white matters of nervous tissue. The main bond vibrations and related dominating tissue components are indicated.


Keywords: FT-IR spectra,  scheme,  vibrational spectroscopy

FT-IR imaging
Figure 2A-D: FT-IR imaging of human pituitary adenoma. (a) Overview of a cryosection of human pituitary adenoma stained using Pas-Orange-G and illustrating the production of human growth hormone (HGH). (b, c) High magnification of the areas indicated in (a) and corresponding FT-IR spectroscopic images obtained by cluster analysis. Large areas with increased HGH production are indicated by asterisks, local spots of hormone production are marked by arrows. (d) Representative spectra corresponding to area (b).


Keywords: FT-IR imaging,  human pituitary adenoma,  scheme

CARS image
Figure 3: CARS microscopy of infiltrative experimental glioblastoma in a mouse model: The intensity of the CARS image and the morphological details permit to distinguish between the tumour mass, the infiltrative area, and the normal brain grey and white matters. H&E staining (top) CARS image (centre). The intensity of the CARS signal along the blue line is plotted in the graph (bottom). Mean intensity values for the different types of tissue are also reported. Mean intensity that characterizes the normal grey tissue is reduced to approximately 50 % in the infiltrative area and to approximately 30 % in the tumour. Lipid rich white matter is characterized by high CARS signal intensity (228, saturation in some areas).


Keywords: CARS image,  scheme

Multimodal NLO
Figure 4a-f: Multimodal NLO imaging of a mouse cerebellum (red: CARS, green: TPEF, blue: SHG). (a) Overview of the mouse cerebellum. (b) Magnification of the area indicated in (a). (c) Magnification of the area indicated in (b). Arrows indicate Purkinje cells characterized by punctuate fluorescence in the somata. (d) Magnification of the area indicated in (a), a large blood vessel is shown (*). (e) Magnification of the area indicated in (a), nerve fibres are indicated by intense CARS signal. (f) Magnification of the area indicated in (e). Single axons can be discerned (arrows).


Keywords: NLO imaging,  nonlinear optical microscopy

NLO imaging
Figure 5a-c: Multimodal NLO imaging of human tumours (red: CARS, green: TPEF, blue: SHG), overlaid with the bright field images of the unstained sample. The technique allows to retrieve detailed morphochemical information about tissue structure and properties on unstained samples. (a) Cryosection of human glioblastoma (scale bar: 200 μm). (b) High magnification of the border between tumour and normal tissue as indicated in (a). (c) Cryosection of human neuroma (scale bar: 0.5 mm).


Keywords: NLO imaging,  nonlinear optical microscopy